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AGM Presentation - 22 November 2024

Uranium Enrichment Technology

Overview

Silex invented and developed the ‘SILEX’ laser isotope separation technology in Sydney during the 1990s. The uranium enrichment application of the SILEX technology was licensed exclusively in 2006 to Global Laser Enrichment LLC (‘GLE’), a joint venture business today owned by Silex (51%) and Cameco Corporation (49%). GLE is the commercialisation vehicle for the SILEX uranium enrichment technology and is based in Wilmington, North Carolina.

The development and commercialisation program for the SILEX uranium enrichment technology is being undertaken jointly by Silex (at its Lucas Heights, Sydney facility) and GLE.

Silex and GLE have continued to accelerate construction of full-scale laser and separator equipment being deployed in GLE’s Test Loop facility in Wilmington, with the aim of completing a commercial-scale pilot demonstration (TRL-6) of the SILEX technology by the end of 2024, subject to an independent assessment and report.  Attaining the TRL-6 level is a key milestone in the de-risking of the SILEX technology before the focus turns to the potential preparation for, and construction of, the first commercial SILEX uranium enrichment plant at the PLEF (see Nuclear Fuel Production Opportunities).

Background

The SILEX Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology was invented by Silex Systems scientists Dr Michael Goldsworthy (our CEO) and Dr Horst Struve (retired), in the 1990s at Lucas Heights, Sydney. In order to facilitate the potential commercial deployment of the technology in the United States, an Agreement for Cooperation between the governments of the United States and Australia was signed in May 2000. In June 2001, the technology was officially Classified by the United States and Australian governments, bringing the SILEX technology commercialisation project formally under the strict nuclear safeguards, security and regulatory protocols of each country.

In 2016, GLE signed a landmark agreement with the US Department of Energy for the purchase of over 200,000 metric tonnes of depleted uranium hexafluoride (UF6) being tails material stockpiled from previous decades of enrichment operations at the DOE’s gaseous diffusion facility in Paducah, which was shut down in 2013. This material will be the feedstock for GLE’s potential Paducah Laser Enrichment Facility (PLEF).

Uranium Enrichment

Naturally occurring uranium is dominated by two isotopes, U235 and U238. Nuclear energy is produced by the splitting (or ‘fission’) of the U235 atoms. Natural uranium is made up of ~0.7% of the ‘active’ U235 isotope with the balance (~99.3%) made up of the U238 isotope. Uranium enrichment is the process of concentrating or enriching the U235 isotope up to 5% for use as fuel in a conventional nuclear power reactor and up to 20% for emerging advanced Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). Enrichment is a technically difficult process and accounts for around 30% of the cost of nuclear fuel and approximately 5% of the total cost of the electricity generated by nuclear power.

The Separation of Isotopes by Laser EXcitation (SILEX) process is the only third-generation enrichment technology known to be in the advanced stages of commercial development today. The SILEX technology can effectively enrich uranium through highly selective laser excitation of the 235UF6 isotopic molecule to produce ‘reactor fuel grade’ uranium which contains an assay of U235 of around 5%. UF6 is the fluorinated gaseous form of uranium, which is made via chemical conversion from the uranium oxide produced by miners.

The two methods of uranium enrichment used to date are Gas Diffusion (first generation – obsolete) and Gas Centrifuge (second generation). Silex’s third-generation laser-based process provides much higher enrichment process efficiency compared to these earlier methods, potentially offering significantly lower overall costs.

The ‘Triple Opportunity’ for GLE and SILEX Technology

The ‘Triple Opportunity’ for nuclear fuel production is emerging as a result of international developments which are driving a transformation of the global nuclear fuel supply chain.

The ‘Triple Opportunity’ could involve production of three different grades of nuclear fuel – all via the deployment of the SILEX laser-based uranium enrichment technology in the US, including:

  • Unat

    Natural Grade Uranium (Unat)

    via re-enrichment of DOE inventories of depleted tails through the Paducah commercial project to produce uranium (in the form of converted UF6) at natural U235 assay of (~0.7%)

  • LEU / LEU+

    Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) / LEU+

    LEU is used in today’s conventional nuclear power reactors (includes U235 assays up to 5%), and LEU+ to meet the higher enrichment demands for existing reactors (includes U235 assays up to 10%)

  • HALEU

    High Assay LEU (HALEU)

    a customised fuel for next generation advanced reactors, including SMRs (includes U235 assays up to 20%)

Uranium production, conversion and enrichment are the key value drivers of the nuclear fuel supply chain, accounting for nearly 85% of the value of a reactor fuel bundle.

Key features of the SILEX Uranium Enrichment Technology

The SILEX technology is a unique laser-based process that has the potential to economically separate uranium isotopes (as well as commercially valuable isotopes of several other elements). It has a number of advantages over other uranium enrichment processes including:

  • Inherently higher efficiency and throughput resulting in lower enrichment costs;
  • Smaller environmental footprint than centrifuge and diffusion plants;
  • Greater flexibility in producing fuels for advanced reactors, including SMRs; and
  • Anticipated lowest capital costs.